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<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">
<span class="newStyle4"><span class="style378"><strong>T</strong></span><strong><span class="style378">he
Church and anti-Semitism—again</span></strong></span><o:p></o:p></span></P>
<p class="style379"><strong>Kevin MacDonald</strong><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="style49">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><strong>
February 2, 2009</strong><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="style367">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Recently
there has been a media uproar about the reinstatement of the Society of Saint
Pius X (SSPX), a traditionalist Catholic group, that broke off from the Church
after the reforms of Vatican II. Jewish groups </span>
<a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/25/world/europe/25pope.html?_r=2&scp=1&sq=donadio&st=cse">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">are furious</span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">
that there would be any attempt to reconcile these traditionalists to the
Church. This is not surprising since the issue that led to the schism was the
reform of the Church initiated by the Second Vatican Council and its </span>
<a href="http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651028_nostra-aetate_en.html">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">declaration
</span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">
<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>on Judaism, anti-Semitism, and
non-Christian religions.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="style367">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The man
behind the schism was </span>
<a href="http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24981421-7583,00.html">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Marcel
Lefebvre</span></a>. Lefebvre<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">
not only objected to the changes wrought by Vatican II but also opposed Muslim
immigration to Europe. As noted in the </span>
<a href="http://ncronline3.org/drupal/?q=node/3180">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><em>National
Catholic Reporter</em></span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="style380">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">A troubled
history with Judaism has long been part of the Catholic traditionalist movement
associated with … Lefebvre — beginning with Lefebvre himself, who spoke
approvingly of both the World War II-era </span>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Vichy Regime</span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">
in France and the far-right </span>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_(France)">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">National
Front</span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">,
and who identified the contemporary enemies of the faith as “Jews, Communists
and Freemasons” in an Aug. 31, 1985, letter to Pope John Paul II.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="style367">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Within the
past year, a priest of the SSPX </span>
<a href="http://ncronline3.org/drupal/?q=node/3180">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">stated</span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">
that the Jews were “co-responsible” for the death of Christ. <o:p></o:p>
</span><SPAN class=style38>
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">
<o:p>One of the reinstated bishops,
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Williamson_(bishop)">Richard
Williamson</a>, has questioned standard accounts of the Holocaust.</o:p></span></SPAN><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="style367">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">All this
raises once again the issue of anti-Semitism and the Church. Visiting St.
Peter’s in Rome last summer I noticed that there was a fairly large and
prominent crypt of St. John Chrysostom. There is also a large statue of
Chrysostom as part of the </span>
<a href="http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Altars/Cathedra/Cathedra.htm">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Alter of the
Chair of St. Peter</span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">
by Bernini, as well a statue on the </span>
<a href="http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Exterior/Colonnades/Colonnade-Saints-97-119.htm">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">colonnade</span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">.
</span><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08452b.htm">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Chrysostom</span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">
was certainly an important Doctor of the Church. But he is also one of history’s
most well-known anti-Semites:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="text-autospace: none;" class="style376">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Although such
beasts [Jews] are unfit for work, they are fit for killing . . . fit for
slaughter. (I.II.5) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="text-autospace: none;" class="style376">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">[The
Synagogue] is not merely a lodging place for robbers and cheats but also for
demons. This is true not only of the synagogues but also of the souls of the
Jews. (I.IV.2) </span></p>
<p style="text-autospace: none;" class="style376">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Shall I tell
you of their plundering, their covetousness, their abandonment of the poor,
their thefts, their cheating in trade? (I.VII.1) (St. John Chrysostom, <i>
Adversus Judaeos</i>)<o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="style367">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Or consider
</span><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08341a.htm">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">St. Jerome</span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">:
“If you call [the synagogue] a brothel, a den of vice, the devil’s refuge,
Satan’s fortress, a place to deprave the soul, an abyss of every conceivable
disaster or whatever else you will, you are still saying less than it deserves.”</span>
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="style367">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Or </span>
<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07016a.htm">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">St. Gregory of Nyssa</span></a>
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">: [Jews are] murderers of the Lord,
assassins of the prophets, rebels against God, God haters, . . . advocates of
the devil, race of vipers, slanderers, calumniators, dark-minded people, leaven
of the Pharisees, sanhedrin of demons, sinners, wicked men, stoners, and haters
of righteousness.<o:p> <a name="SSPX"></a></o:p></span></p>
<p class="style367">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">I wrote
</span><a href="http://www.kevinmacdonald.net/chap3.pdf">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">a chapter</span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">
on this in </span>
<a href="http://www.authorhouse.com/BookStore/ItemDetail~bookid~19189.aspx">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Separation
and Its Discontents</span></i></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">,
proposing that the Catholic church in late antiquity [4<sup>th</sup>–6<sup>th</sup>
century AD] was in its very essence a powerful anti-Jewish movement that arose
out of resource and reproductive competition with Jews. This idea of mine hasn’t
received much attention — perhaps because it leads to some basic questioning
about our beliefs and our culture. Darwin really did have a dangerous idea. But
since the issue is topical right now, I thought that I would use this
opportunity to summarize the argument there, followed by some further comments
on anti-Jewish attitudes in Catholicism.
<o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The 4<sup>th</sup>
and 5<sup>th</sup> centuries were a time of increased anti-Jewish attitudes at
all levels of Roman society. Preachers and bishops like Chrysostom portrayed the
Jews very negatively and attempted to erect walls between Jews and non-Jews.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-add-space: auto;" class="style374">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">
<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Jews had
become economically prosperous during this period even though the society as a
whole was losing population and declining economically. Accusations of Jewish
greed, wealth, love of luxury and of the pleasures of the table became common.
Jews were prominent in certain sectors of the economy, including the slave
trade, banking, national and international trade, and the law. Jews had also
developed monopolies in specific industries, including silk, clothing,
glassware, and the trade in luxury items. Jews were seen as wealthy, powerful,
and aggressive. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="style374">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Church
actions against the Jews and the anti-Jewish rhetoric of the Church Fathers
struck a deep resonance with popular attitudes. A historian noted that “if the
Christian populace so many times threw itself into the attack on synagogue after
synagogue, it was not because it passively accepted orders given from above. …
If the anti-Jewish polemic was so successful, it was because it awakened latent
hatreds and appealed to feelings that were already there.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="style374">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Emperor
Constantine, who established the Church as the religion of the Empire, had
bishops in his entourage who held strongly anti-Jewish attitudes. Constantine
himself stated that the Jews are “a people who, having imbrued their hands in a
most heinous outrage [i.e., killing Christ], have thus polluted their souls and
are deservedly blind.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="style374">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Several of
the Church Fathers, including Chrysostom, came from areas where there was a long
history of conflict between Jews and non-Jews. Chrysostom describes Jews as
numerous and wealthy and seems to have seen Judaism more as an economic force
than as a religious organization. He often compared Jews to predatory beasts and
accused them of virtually every evil, including economic crimes such as
profiteering. St. Jerome also refers to Jews as encircling Christians and
seeking to tear them apart. Jerome complained about the Jews’ love for money in
several passages. And he complained that the Jews were multiplying “like vermin”
— a comment that clearly suggests a concern with Jewish reproductive success. <o:p></o:p>
</span></p>
<p class="style374">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Outspoken
anti-Jewish attitudes were typical of many who rose in the Church hierarchy and
among many prominent Christian writers of the 4th and 5th century (e.g.,
Eusebius, St. John Chrysostom, St. Augustine, St. Jerome, St. Ambrose, St. Cyril
of Alexandria, St. Gregory of Nyssa). In the Eastern Church during this period,
the monks were “militant anti-Semites” who had considerable influence among the
Church hierarchy. The suggestion is that anti-Semitism was of prime importance
in attaining positions of power and influence in the Church during this period.
Individuals exhibited their anti-Semitism openly, as a badge of honor, and were
made saints of the Church after their death. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="style374">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">A significant
percentage of all Christian writings during the period are essentially
anti-Jewish. These writings are attempts define an ingroup fundamentally opposed
to Jews. Christians saw the Old Testament and the New Testament as fundamentally
opposed: “The <i>adversos Judeaos </i>tradition represents the overall method of
Christian exegesis of the Old Testament. . . . It was virtually impossible for
the Christian preacher or exegete to teach scripturally at all without alluding
to the anti-Judaic theses.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="style374">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">This rhetoric
was meant to apply not only to the Jews of the Old Testament but also to their
descendants in the contemporary world. According to Chrysostom, Jewish
responsibility for killing Christ and their many other vices had been passed to
the descendants of the ancient Jews as inherited traits. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="style374">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Anti-Jewish
references occurred in Christian liturgy and rites, especially those surrounding
Holy Week emphasizing the role of the Jews in the crucifixion of Christ. Prayers
intended for use by the masses of Christians contained reproaches against the
Jews. Christian holidays and periods of fasting were set up to be directly
opposite to Jewish ones and to act as anti-Jewish commemorations. For example,
the Christian Holy Week originally coincided with the Jewish Passover, but the
Christian liturgy emphasized Christian mourning for the Jewish act of deicide at
a time of Jewish rejoicing. Friday became a fast day commemorating the
crucifixion, whereas for Jews, Friday was a joyous time prior to the Sabbath.
Anti-Jewish attitudes were deeply ingrained in the important documents of the
religion and closely connected to expressions of Christian faith.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="style374">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The
culmination of this perceived Jewish evil is, of course, the rejection and
killing of Christ. According to </span>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Eusebius</span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">
— an important Christian theoretician, by rejecting Christ as the Messiah, the
Jews rejected God and forfeited their status as the Chosen People. Their
punishment for this rejection can already be seen by their defeats at the hands
of the Romans, their loss of secular power, and the loss of their priesthood. <o:p></o:p>
</span></p>
<p class="style374">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The result
was a very potent anti-Jewish ideology. Christian anti-Semitism was not only
intellectually respectable, it also developed an emotionally compelling
anti-Jewish liturgy. With the political success of the Church, society as a
whole became organized around a monolithic, hegemonic, and collectivist social
institution defined by its opposition to Judaism. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="style374">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Christian
writers, such as Eusebius, described Judaism as an ethnic entity, but they saw
Christianity as a universalist religion that would eventually include all of
mankind. Eusebius repeatedly contrasts the universalist message of Christianity
versus the religion of the “Jewish race.” The new covenant is “not for the
Jewish race only” but “summons all men equally to share together the same good
things.” Eusebius thought of Jews as biological descendants of Abraham who have
rejected the universal message of Christianity, which remains open to them if
only they would see the light. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="style374">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">This
Christian ideology was accompanied by an increase in anti-Jewish actions
sanctioned and even encouraged by the Church. Monks “stirred up mobs of
Christians to pillage synagogues, cemeteries, and other property, seize or burn
Jewish religious buildings, and start riots in the Jewish quarter.” Christians
were able to destroy synagogues with virtual impunity and with the tacit or open
approval of the Church. The Church pressured the government to forgive
anti-Jewish acts. </span></p>
<p class="style374">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">A number of
anti-Jewish laws were enacted, including laws against Jews owning Christian
slaves, laws discouraging social contact and intermarriage with Jews, and laws
regulating economic relationships between Jews and non-Jews. Jews were barred
from the legal profession and government service, and they were prohibited from
making accusations against Christians or even testifying against them in civil
or criminal legal proceedings.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="style374">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The
government was often reluctant to pursue these anti-Jewish restrictions and did
so only as a result of ecclesiastical and popular pressure. The Church was
active and influential in changing imperial legislation regarding the Jews, and
the wording of the laws often betrays extreme hostility to the Jews. The Church
developed the ideology that it was superior to the emperors — clearly a
necessary condition if the Church was to be an instrument of anti-Semitism
rather than having only a spiritual function. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="style374">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">As with the
official Muslim position, Jews were allowed to exist within Christian societies,
but, as a condemned people, their life was to be miserable. With this type of
ideology it is easy to see that Christian religious ideology would be
inconsistent with Jewish wealth, political power, and reproductive success.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="style374">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">I suggest
that the reason for Christian universalism was that the Empire had become a
polyglot, ethnically diverse “chaos of peoples” (quoting race theorist </span>
<a href="http://www.hschamberlain.net/">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Houston
Stewart Chamberlain</span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">).
The world became divided into Jews and non-Jews. The Jews remained an ethnic
group, while the non-Jews developed a religious identification as Christians. <o:p></o:p>
</span></p>
<p class="style374">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The result
was that ethnicity had no official place in Christian religious ideology. This
in turn had a number of important consequences in later centuries. On the one
hand, there is no question that Catholicism was able to serve as a viable
institution of ethnic defense in other historical eras, notably the Middle Ages
when, as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_C._Russell">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">James C. Russell</span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">
notes, the Church was influenced by German culture. On the other hand, the
strands of Christian universalism can lead to compromising the ethnic interests
of Christians. Indeed, since Vatican II, Catholicism has become part of the
culture of Western suicide. In the US, it is in </span>
<a href="http://www.vdare.com/guzzardi/051022_abuse.htm">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">the forefront</span></a><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">
of the open borders movement. It is therefore not at all surprising that Jewish
organizations would be dismayed by any retreat from Vatican II.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="style367">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">
Fundamentally, the Catholic traditionalists seem to desire a return to an older
form of Catholicism capable of defending the West as a cultural entity and
perhaps implicitly as an ethnic entity. Indeed, it is interesting to read the
<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08399a.htm">article on Judaism</a> in
<em>The Catholic Encyclopedia </em>from 1910 </span>— during the papacy of
<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12137a.htm">Pius X</a>. The
article shows that Catholic attitudes on Jews had not changed much in the 16
centuries since Eusebius. Jews in the time of Jesus are described as a "race"
that rejected the call of Jesus for repentance, showing no sorrow for sin, unfit
for salvation and rejecting the true kingdom of God in favor of earthly power: "<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08374c.htm">Jesus</a> <!--k01=08571c.htm-->
justly<!--u76-->
treated as vain the <!--k01=07465b.htm-->hopes<!--u76--> of His <!--k23-->Jewish
contemporaries that they should become masters of the world in the event of a
conflict with <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13164a.htm">Rome</a>."
</p>
<p class="style380">[<SPAN class=style38>The Kingdom of God] </SPAN>is the
<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03744a.htm">Christian Church</a>, which
was able silently to leaven the Roman Empire, which has outlived the ruin of the <!--k23-->
Jewish <!--k02=14499a.htm-->Temple<!--u46--> and its <!--k08=x86615.htm-->
worship<!--u44-->, and which, in the course of centuries, has extended to the
confines of the world the <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08673a.htm">
knowledge</a> and the <!--k08=x86615.htm-->worship<!--u44--> of the
<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06608a.htm">God of Abraham</a>, while
<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08537a.htm">Judaism</a> has remained
the barren fig-tree which <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08374c.htm">
Jesus</a> condemned during His mortal <!--k04=x83737.htm-->life<!--u44-->.<!--k01=x98989.htm--> <!--k93-->
.........................................................................................................</p>
</SPAN>
<p class="style380"><SPAN class=style38>[After the resurrection of Jesus,] the </SPAN>
<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03744a.htm" class="style38">Church</a><span class="style38">
......................................................................................................... took the independent attitude which it has maintained ever since.
<!--k02=04274a.htm-->Conscious<!--u66--> of their Divine mission, its leaders
boldly charged the <!--k23-->Jewish rulers with the death of </span>
<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08374c.htm" class="style38">Jesus</a><span class="style38">,
and freely "taught and preached <!--k03=08374c.htm-->Christ Jesus<!--u63-->",
disregarding the threats and injunctions of <!--k02=09580c.htm-->men<!--u66-->
whom they considered as in <!--k03=xxyyyk.htm-->mad<!--u44--> revolt against
</span><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06608a.htm" class="style38">God</a><span class="style38">
and His <!--k03=x56694.htm-->Christ<!--u44--> (</span><a href="http://www.newadvent.org/bible/act004.htm" class="style38">Acts
4</a><span class="style38">). </p>
<p class="style367">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The article
portrays Church laws against Jews, such as laws against Jews having Christian
slaves and forcing Jews to live in ghettos, as necessary to protect the
Christian faith. And it accurately portrays the Church in later centuries as at
times protecting Jews against popular anti-Jewish actions. However, it asserts
that the causes of popular anti-Semitism included real conflicts between Jews
and non-Jews and are not only due to Christian religious ideology. In
particular, the causes of anti-Semitism are described as follows:</span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p class="style367">The deep and wide <!--k01=12620b.htm-->racial<!--u49-->
difference between <!--k23-->Jews and
<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03712a.htm">Christians</a> which
was, moreover, emphasized by the <!--k02=09306a.htm-->ritual<!--u72--> and
dietary <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09053a.htm">laws</a> of <!--k02=14435b.htm-->
Talmudic<!--u70-->
<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08537a.htm">Judaism</a>; </p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="style367">the mutual <!--k04=x85379.htm-->religious<!--u44-->
antipathy which prompted the <!--k23-->Jewish masses to look upon the
s
<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07636a.htm">idolaters</a>, and the
<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03712a.htm">Christians</a> to
regard the <!--k23-->Jews as the <!--k03=xxyyyk.htm-->murderers<!--u44--> of
the <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08374c.htm">Divine Saviour of
mankind</a>, and to <!--k02=02408b.htm-->believe<!--u76--> readily the
accusation of the use of
<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03712a.htm">Christian</a> blood in
the celebration of the; <!--k23-->Jewish
<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11512b.htm">Passover</a>, the
<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04748c.htm">desecration</a> of the
<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05572c.htm">Holy Eucharist</a>,
etc.; </p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="style367">the trade rivalry which <!--k04=03459a.htm-->caused<!--u66-->
<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03712a.htm">Christians</a> to
accuse the <!--k23-->Jews of sharp practice, and to resent their <!--k03=xxyyyk.htm-->
clipping<!--u44--> of the
<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11152a.htm">coinage</a>, their
<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15235c.htm">usury</a>, etc.; </p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="style367">the <!--k01=03794b.htm-->patriotic<!--u73-->
susceptibilities of the particular nations in the midst of which the <!--k23-->
Jews have usually formed a foreign element, and to the respective interests
of which their <!--k08=x82027.htm-->devotion<!--u44--> has not always been
beyond suspicion. </p>
</li>
</ul>
<p class="style367">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">These ideas
on the causes of popular anti-Semitism are pretty much the same as the ones I
emphasize in <a href="http://www.kevinmacdonald.net/SAIDchap2+Ref.pdf">my
overview of historical anti-Semitism</a>. </span></p>
<p class="style367">
<span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">The Catholic
Church has played the role of ethnic and cultural defense in the past. The
reinstatement of SSPX is a hopeful sign that it may do so in the future.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<P style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 11.25pt" class=style364>
<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">
<A href="http://www.kevinmacdonald.net/"><SPAN class=style365>Kevin
MacDonald</SPAN></A></B><SPAN class=style365> is a professor of psychology at
California State University–Long Beach.</SPAN> <o:p> </o:p></P>
<P class=style368><STRONG>Permanent URL:</STRONG></P>
<P class=style368><STRONG>
<a href="http://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/articles/MacDonald-SSPX.html">
http://www.theoccidentalobserver.net/articles/MacDonald-SSPX.html</a></STRONG></P><BR><SPAN>
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