The first worm, by Robert Morris Junior, son of a senior NSA computer security expert and Unix pioneer, occurred in 1988. Even though it was not malicious and accidentally escaped from a lab, it brought the Internet to its knees for a few days. It directly caused the creation of a number of agencies, primarily CERT - Computer Emergency and Response Team. What the Morris Worm did clearly demonstrate is that there are substantial advantages for any organisation in using operating systems, middleware and applications from more than one codebase. Organisations who had a variety of platforms were able to keep part of their computing infrastructure going.